风乍起！美国将对中国光伏、电动汽车，锂电池产品关税提高2-4倍！
发布日期：2024/5/15
钢铁和铝：2024 年，第 301 条对某些钢铁和铝产品的关税税率将从 0-7.5% 提高到 25%。
半导体：到2025年，半导体的关税税率将从25%提高到50%。
电动汽车 （EV）301 条款规定的电动汽车关税税率将在 2024 年从 25% 增加到 100%。
电池、电池零部件和关键矿物锂离子电动汽车电池的关税税率将从2024年的7.5%提高到25%，而锂离子非电动汽车电池的关税税率将从7.5%提高到2026年的25%。到2024年，电池零部件的关税税率将从7.5%提高到25%。
太阳能电池到2024年，太阳能电池（无论是否组装成组件）的关税税率将从25%提高到50%。
5月14日，美方发布对华加征301关税四年期复审结果，宣布在原有对华301关税基础上，进一步提高对自华进口的电动汽车、锂电池、光伏电池、关键矿产、半导体以及钢铝、港口起重机、个人防护装备等产品的加征关税。中方坚决反对并严正交涉。
美方出于国内政治考虑，滥用301关税复审程序，进一步提高部分对华产品加征的301关税，将经贸问题政治化、工具化，是典型的政治操弄，中方对此表示强烈不满。世贸组织早已裁决301关税违反世贸组织规则。美方非但不予以纠正，反而一意孤行，一错再错。
美方提高301关税违背了拜登总统“不寻求打压遏制中国发展”“不寻求与中国脱钩断链”的承诺，也不符合两国元首达成的共识精神，这将严重影响双边合作氛围。美方应立即纠正错误做法，取消对华加征关税措施。中方将采取坚决措施，捍卫自身权益。
【以下中文为自动翻译，谨慎参考使用，以英文原文为准】
2024年5月14日
情况说明书：拜登总统采取行动保护美国工人和企业免受中国不公平贸易行为的影响
简报室声明和新闻稿
拜登总统的经济计划是支持对美国经济未来和国家安全至关重要的关键部门的投资和创造良好的就业机会。中国在技术转让、知识产权和创新方面的不公平贸易行为正在威胁着美国企业和工人。中国还以人为的低价出口产品充斥全球市场。为了应对中国的不公平贸易行为并抵消由此造成的伤害，拜登总统今天指示他的贸易代表根据1974年《贸易法》第301条对从中国进口的180亿美元商品提高关税，以保护美国工人和企业。
拜登-哈里斯政府的“投资美国”（Investing in America）议程已经通过对电动汽车（EV）、清洁能源和半导体等未来行业的智能公共激励措施，促进了超过8600亿美元的商业投资。在《两党基础设施法》、《芯片和科学法案》和《通胀削减法案》的支持下，这些投资正在为美国制造业和清洁能源领域创造新的就业机会，并帮助落后的社区卷土重来。
正如拜登总统所说，只要美国工人和企业有公平竞争，他们就可以胜过任何人。但长期以来，中国政府一直在使用不公平的、非市场的做法。中国的强制技术转让和知识产权盗窃导致其控制了全球70%、80%甚至90%的生产，这些生产是我们技术、基础设施、能源和医疗保健所必需的关键投入，对美国的供应链和经济安全造成了不可接受的风险。此外，这些非市场政策和做法助长了中国日益严重的产能过剩和出口激增，有可能严重损害美国工人、企业和社区。
今天打击中国不公平贸易行为的行动是针对战略部门的——美国在拜登总统的领导下正在进行历史性投资以创造和维持高薪工作——这与国会共和党人最近提出的将威胁就业和全面提高成本的提案不同。上届政府与中国的贸易协议失败增加美国的出口或促进美国制造业的发展，正如它所承诺的那样。在拜登总统的“投资美国”议程下，创造了近80万个制造业工作岗位，新工厂建设在上届政府倒台后翻了一番，对中国的贸易逆差是十年来最低的，低于上届政府的任何一年。
我们将继续与世界各地的伙伴合作，加强合作，以解决对中国不公平做法的共同关切，而不是破坏我们的联盟或不分青红皂白地征收10%的关税，提高所有国家进口商品的价格，无论它们是否从事不公平贸易。拜登-哈里斯政府认识到，强大的联盟和基于公平竞争的基于规则的国际贸易体系对我们的工人和企业有好处。
在美国贸易代表进行深入审查后，拜登总统正在采取行动，保护美国工人和美国公司免受中国不公平贸易行为的影响。为了鼓励中国消除在技术转让、知识产权和创新方面的不公平贸易行为，总统正在指示提高钢铁和铝、半导体、电动汽车、电池、关键矿物、太阳能电池、船岸起重机和医疗产品等战略部门的关税。
钢铁和铝
2024 年，第 301 条对某些钢铁和铝产品的关税税率将从 0-7.5% 提高到 25%。
钢铁是美国经济的重要行业，美国公司正在引领清洁钢铁的未来。最近，拜登-哈里斯政府宣布为包括钢铁和铝在内的33个清洁制造项目提供60亿美元，其中包括四十年来第一个新的原铝冶炼厂，这是由《两党基础设施法》和《通胀削减法案》实现的。这些投资将使美国成为世界上首批将清洁氢转化为清洁钢铁的国家之一，从而增强美国钢铁行业作为世界上最清洁的主要钢铁生产国的竞争力。
美国工人继续面临来自中国钢铁和铝的非市场产能过剩的不公平竞争，而钢铁和铝是世界上碳密集度最高的国家之一。中国对其国内钢铁和铝业的政策和补贴意味着高质量、低排放的美国产品被人为低价的中国替代品所削弱，而这些替代品的排放量更高。今天的行动将保护美国钢铁和铝业免受中国不公平贸易行为的影响。
半导体
到2025年，半导体的关税税率将从25%提高到50%。
中国在传统半导体领域的政策导致了市场份额的增长和产能的快速扩张，这有可能推动市场驱动型公司的投资。在未来三到五年内，中国预计将占所有新产能的近一半，用于制造某些传统半导体晶圆。在大流行期间，包括传统芯片在内的供应链中断导致价格飙升在包括汽车、消费电器和医疗设备在内的各种产品中，凸显了过度依赖少数市场的风险。
通过《芯片和科学法案》，拜登总统正在对美国半导体制造能力、研究、创新和劳动力进行近530亿美元的投资。这将有助于抵消数十年来的撤资和离岸外包，这些投资和离岸外包削弱了美国在国内制造半导体的能力。《芯片和科学法案》包括390亿美元的直接激励措施，用于建设、现代化和扩建半导体制造制造设施，以及为半导体公司提供25%的投资税收抵免。提高半导体关税税率是促进这些投资可持续性的重要第一步。
电动汽车 （EV）
301 条款规定的电动汽车关税税率将在 2024 年从 25% 增加到 100%。
由于广泛的补贴和非市场做法导致产能过剩的巨大风险，中国的电动汽车出口从2022年到2023年增长了70%，危及其他地方的生产性投资。对电动汽车征收100%的关税将保护美国制造商免受中国不公平贸易行为的影响。
这一行动推进了拜登总统的愿景，即确保美国工人在美国创造汽车工业的未来。作为总统投资美国议程的一部分，政府正在通过电池制造和关键矿物生产的营业税收抵免、电动汽车采用的消费者税收抵免、智能标准、联邦对电动汽车充电基础设施的投资以及供应电动汽车和电池制造的赠款来激励发展强劲的电动汽车市场。电动汽车关税税率的提高将保护这些投资和就业免受价格不公平的中国进口产品的影响。
电池、电池零部件和关键矿物
锂离子电动汽车电池的关税税率将从2024年的7.5%%提高到25%，而锂离子非电动汽车电池的关税税率将从7.5%提高到2026年的25%。到2024年，电池零部件的关税税率将从7.5%提高到25%。
到2026年，天然石墨和永磁体的关税税率将从零提高到25%。到2024年，某些其他关键矿产的关税税率将从零提高到25%。
尽管美国在外包方面取得了快速进展，但中国目前控制着电动汽车电池供应链某些部分的80%以上，特别是关键矿产开采、加工和精炼等上游节点。关键矿产开采和精炼能力集中在中国，使我们的供应链变得脆弱，我们的国家安全和清洁能源目标面临风险。为了提高美国和全球在这些供应链中的弹性，拜登总统对美国整个电池供应链进行了投资，以建立足够的国内工业基础。拜登-哈里斯政府通过《两党基础设施法》、《国防生产法》和《通胀削减法》，投资了近200亿美元的赠款和贷款，以扩大国内生产能力先进电池和电池材料。《通胀削减法案》还包含制造业税收抵免，以激励美国对电池和电池材料生产的投资。总统还建立了“美国电池材料倡议”（American Battery Materials Initiative），该倡议将动员全政府采取各种措施，确保电池及其投入品的可靠、强大的供应链。
太阳能电池
到2024年，太阳能电池（无论是否组装成组件）的关税税率将从25%提高到50%。
关税上调将防止中国政策驱动的产能过剩，这种产能压低了价格，抑制了中国以外太阳能产能的发展。中国利用不公平的做法主导了全球太阳能供应链中80%至90%的某些部分，并试图维持这一现状。中国的政策和非市场做法正在用人为廉价的太阳能组件和电池板充斥全球市场，破坏了中国以外对太阳能制造业的投资。
拜登-哈里斯政府对美国太阳能供应链进行了历史性投资，建立在美国政府支持的早期研发基础上，这些研发帮助创造了太阳能电池技术。《通胀削减法案》为太阳能组件（包括多晶硅、硅片、电池、组件和背板材料）提供供给侧税收优惠，以及支持公用事业规模和住宅太阳能项目部署的税收抵免和赠款和贷款计划。由于拜登总统的“投资美国”议程，太阳能制造商已经宣布了近170亿美元的计划投资，使美国的制造能力增加了8倍，足以在2030年之前每年为数百万家庭提供电池板。
船岸起重机
2024 年，船岸起重机的关税税率将从 0% 增加到 25%。
本届政府继续为美国人民提供服务，重建美国的工业能力，与值得信赖的伙伴一起生产港口起重机。对船岸起重机征收25%的关税将有助于保护美国制造商免受中国不公平贸易行为的影响，这些行为导致市场过度集中。港口起重机是基础设施的重要组成部分，能够使关键货物在美国境内和在美国境内持续移动和流动，政府正在采取行动减轻可能扰乱美国供应链的风险。这一行动还建立在通过总统的“投资美国议程”（President's Investing in America Agenda）对美国港口基础设施进行投资的持续工作之上。这项港口安全计划包括将港口起重机的制造能力带回美国，以支持美国的供应链安全，并鼓励全国和世界各地的港口在采购起重机或其他重型设备时使用值得信赖的供应商。
医疗产品
2024年，注射器和针头的关税税率将从0%提高到50%。对于某些个人防护设备（PPE），包括某些呼吸器和口罩，关税税率将在2024年从0-7.5%提高到25%。卢布关税到 2026 年，BER 医疗和外科手套将从 7.5% 增加到 25%。
这些关税税率的提高将有助于支持和维持强大的国内医疗用品工业基础，这些医疗用品对应对 COVID-19 大流行至关重要，并继续在全国每家医院每天使用，以提供基本护理。联邦政府和私营部门已经进行了大量投资，为这些和其他医疗产品建立国内制造，以确保美国医护人员和患者在需要时能够获得关键的医疗产品。美国企业现在正努力与市场上倾销的低价中国制造的物资竞争，这些物资有时质量很差，可能会引起医护人员和病人的安全问题。
今天的声明反映了拜登总统始终支持美国工人的承诺。当面对来自国外的反竞争、不公平做法时，总统将采取一切必要措施来保护美国工人和工业。
MAY 14, 2024
FACT SHEET: President Biden Takes Action to Protect American Workers and Businesses from China’s Unfair Trade Practices
BRIEFING ROOM
STATEMENTS AND RELEASES
President Biden’s economic plan is supporting investments and creating good jobs in key sectors that are vital for America’s economic future and national security. China’s unfair trade practices concerning technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation are threatening American businesses and workers. China is also flooding global markets with artificially low-priced exports. In response to China’s unfair trade practices and to counteract the resulting harms, today, President Biden is directing his Trade Representative to increase tariffs under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 on $18 billion of imports from China to protect American workers and businesses.
The Biden-Harris Administration’s Investing in America agenda has already catalyzed more than $860 billion in business investments through smart, public incentives in industries of the future like electric vehicles (EVs), clean energy, and semiconductors. With support from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, CHIPS and Science Act, and Inflation Reduction Act, these investments are creating new American jobs in manufacturing and clean energy and helping communities that have been left behind make a comeback.
As President Biden says, American workers and businesses can outcompete anyone—as long as they have fair competition. But for too long, China’s government has used unfair, non-market practices. China’s forced technology transfers and intellectual property theft have contributed to its control of 70, 80, and even 90 percent of global production for the critical inputs necessary for our technologies, infrastructure, energy, and health care—creating unacceptable risks to America’s supply chains and economic security. Furthermore, these same non-market policies and practices contribute to China’s growing overcapacity and export surges that threaten to significantly harm American workers, businesses, and communities.
Today’s actions to counter China’s unfair trade practices are carefully targeted at strategic sectors—the same sectors where the United States is making historic investments under President Biden to create and sustain good-paying jobs—unlike recent proposals by Congressional Republicans that would threaten jobs and raise costs across the board. The previous administration’s trade deal with China failed to increase American exports or boost American manufacturing as it had promised. Under President Biden’s Investing in America agenda, nearly 800,000 manufacturing jobs have been created and new factory construction has doubled after both fell under the previous administration, and the trade deficit with China is the lowest in a decade—lower than any year under the last administration.
We will continue to work with our partners around the world to strengthen cooperation to address shared concerns about China’s unfair practices—rather than undermining our alliances or applying indiscriminate 10 percent tariffs that raise prices on all imports from all countries, regardless whether they are engaged in unfair trade. The Biden-Harris Administration recognizes the benefits for our workers and businesses from strong alliances and a rules-based international trade system based on fair competition.
Following an in-depth review by the United States Trade Representative, President Biden is taking action to protect American workers and American companies from China’s unfair trade practices. To encourage China to eliminate its unfair trade practices regarding technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation, the President is directing increases in tariffs across strategic sectors such as steel and aluminum, semiconductors, electric vehicles, batteries, critical minerals, solar cells, ship-to-shore cranes, and medical products.
Steel and Aluminum
The tariff rate on certain steel and aluminum products under Section 301 will increase from 0–7.5% to 25% in 2024.
Steel is a vital sector for the American economy, and American companies are leading the future of clean steel. Recently, the Biden-Harris Administration announced $6 billion for 33 clean manufacturing projects including for steel and aluminum, including the first new primary aluminum smelter in four decades, made possible by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Inflation Reduction Act. These investments will make the United States one of the first nations in the world to convert clean hydrogen into clean steel, bolstering the U.S. steel industry’s competitiveness as the world’s cleanest major steel producer.
American workers continue to face unfair competition from China’s non-market overcapacity in steel and aluminum, which are among the world’s most carbon intensive. China’s policies and subsidies for their domestic steel and aluminum industries mean high-quality, low-emissions U.S. products are undercut by artificially low-priced Chinese alternatives produced with higher emissions. Today’s actions will shield the U.S. steel and aluminum industries from China’s unfair trade practices.
Semiconductors
The tariff rate on semiconductors will increase from 25% to 50% by 2025.
China’s policies in the legacy semiconductor sector have led to growing market share and rapid capacity expansion that risks driving out investment by market-driven firms. Over the next three to five years, China is expected to account for almost half of all new capacity coming online to manufacture certain legacy semiconductor wafers. During the pandemic, disruptions to the supply chain, including legacy chips, led to price spikes in a wide variety of products, including automobiles, consumer appliances, and medical devices, underscoring the risks of overreliance on a few markets.
Through the CHIPS and Science Act, President Biden is making a nearly $53 billion investment in American semiconductor manufacturing capacity, research, innovation, and workforce. This will help counteract decades of disinvestment and offshoring that has reduced the United States’ capacity to manufacture semiconductors domestically. The CHIPS and Science Act includes $39 billion in direct incentives to build, modernize, and expand semiconductor manufacturing fabrication facilities as well as a 25% investment tax credit for semiconductor companies. Raising the tariff rate on semiconductors is an important initial step to promote the sustainability of these investments.
Electric Vehicles (EVs)
The tariff rate on electric vehicles under Section 301 will increase from 25% to 100% in 2024.
With extensive subsidies and non-market practices leading to substantial risks of overcapacity, China’s exports of EVs grew by 70% from 2022 to 2023—jeopardizing productive investments elsewhere. A 100% tariff rate on EVs will protect American manufacturers from China’s unfair trade practices.
This action advances President Biden’s vision of ensuring the future of the auto industry will be made in America by American workers. As part of the President’s Investing in America agenda, the Administration is incentivizing the development of a robust EV market through business tax credits for manufacturing of batteries and production of critical minerals, consumer tax credits for EV adoption, smart standards, federal investments in EV charging infrastructure, and grants to supply EV and battery manufacturing. The increase in the tariff rate on electric vehicles will protect these investments and jobs from unfairly priced Chinese imports.
Batteries, Battery Components and Parts, and Critical Minerals
The tariff rate on lithium-ion EV batteries will increase from 7.5%% to 25% in 2024, while the tariff rate on lithium-ion non-EV batteries will increase from 7.5% to 25% in 2026. The tariff rate on battery parts will increase from 7.5% to 25% in 2024.
The tariff rate on natural graphite and permanent magnets will increase from zero to 25% in 2026. The tariff rate for certain other critical minerals will increase from zero to 25% in 2024.
Despite rapid and recent progress in U.S. onshoring, China currently controls over 80 percent of certain segments of the EV battery supply chain, particularly upstream nodes such as critical minerals mining, processing, and refining. Concentration of critical minerals mining and refining capacity in China leaves our supply chains vulnerable and our national security and clean energy goals at risk. In order to improve U.S. and global resiliency in these supply chains, President Biden has invested across the U.S. battery supply chain to build a sufficient domestic industrial base. Through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the Defense Production Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act, the Biden-Harris Administration has invested nearly $20 billion in grants and loans to expand domestic production capacity of advanced batteries and battery materials. The Inflation Reduction Act also contains manufacturing tax credits to incentivize investment in battery and battery material production in the United States. The President has also established the American Battery Materials Initiative, which will mobilize an all-of-government approach to secure a dependable, robust supply chain for batteries and their inputs.
Solar Cells
The tariff rate on solar cells (whether or not assembled into modules) will increase from 25% to 50% in 2024.
The tariff increase will protect against China’s policy-driven overcapacity that depresses prices and inhibits the development of solar capacity outside of China. China has used unfair practices to dominate upwards of 80 to 90% of certain parts of the global solar supply chain, and is trying to maintain that status quo. Chinese policies and nonmarket practices are flooding global markets with artificially cheap solar modules and panels, undermining investment in solar manufacturing outside of China.
The Biden-Harris Administration has made historic investments in the U.S. solar supply chain, building on early U.S. government-enabled research and development that helped create solar cell technologies. The Inflation Reduction Act provides supply-side tax incentives for solar components, including polysilicon, wafers, cells, modules, and backsheet material, as well as tax credits and grant and loan programs supporting deployment of utility-scale and residential solar energy projects. As a result of President Biden’s Investing in America agenda, solar manufacturers have already announced nearly $17 billion in planned investment under his Administration—an 8-fold increase in U.S. manufacturing capacity, enough to supply panels for millions of homes each year by 2030.
Ship-to-Shore Cranes
The tariff rate on ship-to-shore cranes will increase from 0% to 25% in 2024.
The Administration continues to deliver for the American people by rebuilding the United States’ industrial capacity to produce port cranes with trusted partners. A 25% tariff rate on ship-to-shore cranes will help protect U.S. manufacturers from China’s unfair trade practices that have led to excessive concentration in the market. Port cranes are essential pieces of infrastructure that enable the continuous movement and flow of critical goods to, from, and within the United States, and the Administration is taking action to mitigate risks that could disrupt American supply chains. This action also builds off of ongoing work to invest in U.S. port infrastructure through the President’s Investing in America Agenda. This port security initiative includes bringing port crane manufacturing capabilities back to the United States to support U.S. supply chain security and encourages ports across the country and around the world to use trusted vendors when sourcing cranes or other heavy equipment.
Medical Products
The tariff rates on syringes and needles will increase from 0% to 50% in 2024. For certain personal protective equipment (PPE), including certain respirators and face masks, the tariff rates will increase from 0–7.5% to 25% in 2024. Tariffs on rubber medical and surgical gloves will increase from 7.5% to 25% in 2026.
These tariff rate increases will help support and sustain a strong domestic industrial base for medical supplies that were essential to the COVID-19 pandemic response, and continue to be used daily in every hospital across the country to deliver essential care. The federal government and the private sector have made substantial investments to build domestic manufacturing for these and other medical products to ensure American health care workers and patients have access to critical medical products when they need them. American businesses are now struggling to compete with underpriced Chinese-made supplies dumped on the market, sometimes of such poor quality that they may raise safety concerns for health care workers and patients.
Today’s announcement reflects President Biden’s commitment to always have the back of American workers. When faced with anticompetitive, unfair practices from abroad, the President will deploy any and all tools necessary to protect American workers and industry.
来源：西部碳中和新能源联盟
